NARRATIVE TEXT

Generic Structures:

 Orientation - Evaluation (optional) - Complication - Resolution

1.      Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.

2.      Evaluation: is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.

3.      Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.

4.      Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written.

Coda: it is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life.

The grammatical features of narrative text are:

·         Use specific nouns: Romulus, Remus, a mother wolf

·         Use adjectives which form *noun phrases: their wicked uncle, the beautiful girl, the ugly duckling

·         Use time connectives and conjunctions: then, before, that, soon

·         Use adverbs and adverbial phrases: to the river bank, at the edge of street

·         Use action verbs: grabbed, picked up, walked

·         Use saying verbs: said, told, promised

*will be learned

NOUN PHRASES

Noun Phrase
A noun phrase is other a single noun or any group of words containing noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of averb.

For example, ‘they’ , ‘books’, and ‘the books’, are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)
- Structure of Noun Phrases:
• A beautiful old painting on the wall
When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them, you put adjectives in front of the first noun.
Example : We just spoke with a young American boy
Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (base + ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.
Example : Passing the exam watching TV

FINITE VERBS

Finite Verbs
A finite verbs is a verb that is inflected for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
Every grammatically correct sentence or clouse must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verb are described as phrases.
Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like thanks for you help! Has an interjection where it could have a subject and a fibite verb form compare I appreciate your help!
A verb is a world that expression an occurrence, act, or made, of being, finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.
Verb forms that are not finite include the infinite
Participles (e.g, the broken window..!, The wheezing gentleman…”)
Gerunds and gerundives
English has three kinds of verbals : participles, which function as adjectives, which have noun-like, adjective –like, and adverb-like functions each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in farming the perfect aspect (to have done).

NEWS ITEM

News item is to inform the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Is structure is:
• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.

 
Significant Grammar Features:

• Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
• Generally using Simple Past Tense
• Use of Material Processes to retell the event
• Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
• Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
• Focus on Circumstances
• Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.

1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences.

INTRODUCTORY IT

When the subjective is an infinitive phrase
We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.

Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)

* It is easy to learn English. (= To learn English is easy.)
* It is easy to find fault with others. (= To find fault with others is easy.)
* It is difficult to know his motive. (= To know his motive is difficult.)
* It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.
* It is dangerous to play with fire.
* It could be dangerous to drive so fast.


Note that when we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short.

* To err is human. (OR It is human to err.)
* To become a well known writer was his life-long ambition. (OR It was his lifelong ambition to become a well known writer.)
* To invest all your money in shares is foolish. (OR It is foolish to invest all your money in shares.)


When the subject is a gerund phrase
When the real subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. So instead of saying ‘Your trying to fool us is no good’, we say, ‘It is no good your trying to fool us.’

* It won’t be any good complaining to the manager. (Complaining to the anager won’t be any good.)
* It is silly throwing away this opportunity. (Throwing away this opportunity is silly.)
* Will it be any good my talking to him about it? (Will my talking to him about it be any good)
* It is no fun having so many children to look after. (Having so many children to look after is no fun.)

Note that it is possible to change the gerund into an infinitive.
It won’t be any good for me to complain to the manager.
It is silly (for you) to throw away this opportunity.
Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?

DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

OKE next materi is direct and indirect speech guys .

do you know what is it ? Oke guys we will discuss about it now guys !!

in indonesian we knoe it as Kalimat langsung dan kalimat tidak langsung . And you must have learn it when junior high school right. And what is means direct speech ??

 

Direct speech : refers to reproducing another persons extract word. We use quotation marks (" ")


Example of Direct Speech :

1. LIna said, “I’m very busy .”
2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”
3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”
4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”
5. You said, “I will come to help him.”
6. Jalu will say, “I will do my best.”


And what is Indirect speech ? PKE we will discuss it too
Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons word.
Indirect speech have 3 kinds. you can see it now guys !

There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :

1. Imperrative (command/request)
2. interrogative (question)
3. Declarative (statement)

Example :

1. Imperrative (command / request)

Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to wory about it.

2. Interrogative (question)

Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.

3. Declarative (statement)

Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.

In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".

MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

Modals In The Past Form
Modals in the Past form dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah kata bantu pengandaian dalam bentuk lampau.
Modals in the past are :
1. Could
2. Would
3. Should
4. Shall
*Could + Verb base
We can use this expression : to offer suggestion or possibilities.
Example :
Dhina : I’m having trouble with math.
Rizki : Why don’t you ask Nuri ?
Perhaps she could help you.
*Might + Verb base
Use might to tell possibillities.
Example :
Helda : Why is Rio taking the bus to get home.
Fany : He might get a flat time.
*Would + verb base
Use would for an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Yoan : What did you usually do on holidays ?
Lia : I would visit my grandparents In the village, but how not anymore.
*Would + Mind + V-ing
Use would to express polite request.
Example :
Mrs. Lady : Would you mind posting the letter ?
Nita : No, Not at all.
*Should + Verb base
Example :
Nisa : Ima , you should go to library now ?
Ima : O.k.

ASKING FOR INFORMATION

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

• Could you tell me...?
• Do you know...?
• Do you happen to know...?
• I'd like to know...
• Could you find out...?
• I'm interested in...
• I'm looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

• I'm calling to find out...
• I'm calling about... 

Asking for Information

Information about company

What does your company do?
What is your specialty?
What do you specialize in?
What is your main line of business?

	We produce marketing materials.
	We specialize in art and design.

What are your major products?
What services do you provide?

	We produce office machines.
	We design software.
	We provide technical support.

Information about products

Could you give me some (more) information on this?
What can you tell me about this (product)?
Tell me about this one/model.

	This is one of our top brands.
	It's our best selling refrigerator.
	This one is the best in its class.
	We're really pleased with its performance.
	It's an excellent computer.
	I highly recommend this one.
	This model comes with several features.
	This particular one has two components.

Information about Price What are you asking for this?
What does this sell for?
How much is it?
How much does it run?

	This (one) sells for $5900.
	This one goes for $2900.
	This one is priced at $9695.

Construction

Formula	Question Word	Example Finish
Could you tell me	when	the next train leaves?
Do you know	how much	that vase costs?
Do you happen to know	where	Tom lives?
I'd like to know	what	you think about the new project.
Could you tell me	when	the next train leaves?
Could you find out	when	she is going to arrive?

Formula	Gerund (-ing)	Example Finish
I'm interested in	buying	a boat

Formula	Noun	Example Finish
I'm looking for	information on	holidays in Spain.
Formula used only on the telphone	Question Word	Example Finish
I'm calling to find out...	if	flight AZ098 will leave on time today.

Formula used only on the telphone	Noun	Example Finish
I'm calling about...	the offer	published in today's newspaper.

INVITATION (WRITTEN)

INVITATIONS
Most spore invitation are in the farm of question they often begin with will,would,would you like to,would you care to,etc
Offerins invitation
->Would you like to come to the restaurant this evening?
->Will you join us?
->Would you care to have dinner with us tonight?
->Could you come to a party at my place tomorrow?
->I wander whether you would care to come on a picnic with us next week?
Accepting invitation
->Yes,I’d love very much.
->Thank you.
->Yes,with pleasure.
Reffusing
->If you don’t mind,i’d rather not.
->Thank you,i’m busy,may be next time.
->I have got another appointment.
->I’m sorry.
->I’ve lost to work to do.
EXAMPLE :
Invitation Verbal
Example:
We want to invite you to come to our house
Can you come to my restaurant?
Are you free tonight?
Accepting (menerima)
I like that
That sounds good
Thank you for inviting

Refusing(menolak)
I like that but I can’t
I’m very sorry for not able to come
Sorry, I’m very busy

SURPRISES & DISBELIEFS

Surprises and Disbeliefs is expression that used to expressomething that we can’t believe or impossible.

Kind of Surprises and Disbeliefs expression are :

• What a surprises?
• That’s very surpising!
• Really?
• Oh, no…………..
• Are you serious?
• What?
• That’s unbelieveble!
• Fancy that!
• You’re kidding!
• I find that hard to believe.

Surprising amazement of something :

o Fantastic!

o How marvelous/beautiful!

o It’s very interesting!

o It’s great!

o It’s terrific!

o Wow, that’s amazing!

o Wonderful!

o What a nice……

o What a lovely flower!

o Hey, that’s really terrific!

gratitude,compliment,and congratulation

Gratitude is expression that used to said thank you to other people.

Kind of gratitude expression are :
Thank you very much.
Thanks.
I am grateful to……
I want to thank……
I want to express my gratitude to
I keep forgetting to thank you for……

Respon of expressing :
· You are welcome.
· Don’t mention it!
· Not at all.
· It was nothing at all.
· No problem.
· Glad to be of help.
· (it was) my pleasure.
· I am glad I could help.
· I am glad I could do it.
· I am glad I could be of help.

Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people. Some people use compliment to better up someday or to flatter in order to increase good will.

Expressing :
o What a nice dress?
o You look great.
o You look very nice.
o I really must express my admiration for you.
o Good grades.
o Excellent.
o Nice work.

Time to expressing compliment :
o On his/her general appearance.
o If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
o When you visit someone’s house for the first time.
o When other people do their best.


Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.

Expressing :
v Let me congratulate you.
v Congratulations on your successful business.
v My congratulations on your success.
v Congratulations on your promotion.
v Good!
v That’s great!
v How fortunate.
v Splendid.
v Pretty good.

Responding :
v Thank you.
v Thanks, I needed that.
v That’s very kind of you.
v It’s very kind of you to say that.
v Do you really think so?
v You’ve made my day!
v The same to you.
v I’m glad you like it.Thank you, it’s nice of you to say so.