Discussion Text

1. Definition

Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different points of view. It presents pro and contra opinion on certain issue.

The purpose of a discussion text is to present arguments and information from differing viewpoints. Discussion texts are usually written in the present tense.


2. Points to check

• Have you been fair to both sides?
• Have you supported your views with reasons ande vidence?
• In your conclusion, have you given a reason for what you have decided?

3. Generic Structure

• Issue : contains of statement and preview about something.
• Arguments for/Supporting arguments : after stating the issue, it is necessary to present the argument to support that one point is agreeing.
• Arguments against : beside the supporting argument, discussion text need the arguments which disagree to the stated issue.
• Recommendation/conclusion : It is used to tell how to solve issue by concerning the arguements for and against.

4. Language Features

•  Introducing category or generic participant.
• Relating verb/to be: is, am, are, etc.
• Using thinking verb: feel, hope, believe, etc.
•  Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection: similarly, on the hand, however, etc.
•  Using modalities: must, should, could, may, etc.
• Using adverbial of manner: deliberately, hopefully, etc.
• Conjunction/transition: although, even, if, etc.

Direct Indirect Speech

• Direct speech is reproducing words exactly as they were originally spoken.
• Indirect speech is using a noun clause to report what someone had said.

Example :

Lina   : I came to Tio’s party last Saturday.

Lala   : What did Lina said.

Lila  :  Lina said that she had come to Tio’s party the previous    

         Saturay.

1. When you change direct speech into indirect speech, you also change the adverb of time:

Direct	Indirect
Now Today Tomorrow Next ... Last... .... ago Yesterday The day before yesterday Here This These	Then That day The next day, the day after, the following day The ... after, the following... The. . . before, the previous .... before The day before Two days before There That Those

2. Kind of Indirect sSpeech

a. Statements

Direct : Nando said “I lost my car”

Indirect : Nando said that he had lost his car.

 

b. Questions

Direct : Bella asked me, “ Will you go to the mall?”

 Indirect : Bella asked me whether I would go to the mall.

 

c. Request

Direct : Mr. Aditya said , “ Please open your book on page 50”.

Indirect : Mr. Aditya told us to open our book on page 50.

3. The tense Changing

Direct	Indirect
Present Simple Present Continous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continous Future Simple Future Continous Future Perfect Future perfect Continous Past Simple Past Continous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continous	Past Simple Past Continous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continous Past Future Past Future Continous Past Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Past perfect Past Perfect Continous Past Perfect Past perfect Continous

4. Changing Modal Verb

Direct	Indirect
Can May Must Shall Will	Could Might Had to Should Would

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
Simple present He said, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	Simple past He said (that) he went to school every day.
Simple past  He said, “I went to school every day.”	Þ	Past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
Present perfect  He said, “I have gone to school every day.”	Þ	Past perfect  He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
Present progressive He said, “I am going to school every day.”	Þ	Past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day.
Past progressive He said, “I was going to school every day.”	Þ	Perfect progressive He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
Future (will) He said, “I will go to school every day.”	Þ	Would + verb name He said (that) he would go to school every day.
Future (going to) He said, “I am going to school every day.”	Þ	Present progressive He said (that) he is going to school every day.
		Past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day
Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
Auxiliary + verb name He said, “Do you go to school every day?” He said, “Where do you go to school?”	Þ	Simple past He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school.
Imperative He said, “Go to school every day.”	Þ	Infinitive He said to go to school every day.

  

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
Simple present + simple present He says, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	Simple present + simple present He says (that) he goes to school every day.
Present perfect + simple present He has said, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	Present perfect + simple present He has said (that) he goes to school every day.
Past progressive + simple past He was saying, “I went to school every day.”	Þ	Past progressive + simple past He was saying (that) he went to school every day.
		Past progressive + past perfect He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day.
Future + simple present He will say, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	Future + simple present He will say (that) he goes to school every day.

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
can He said, “I can go to school every day.”	Þ	could He said (that) he could go to school every day.
may He said, “I may go to school every day.”	Þ	might He said (that) he might go to school every day.
might He said, “I might go to school every day.”
must He said, “I must go to school every day.”	Þ	had to He said (that) he had to go to school every day.
have to He said, “I have to go to school every day.”
should He said, “I should go to school every day.”	Þ	should He said (that) he should go to school every day.
ought to He said, “I ought to go to school every day.”	Þ	ought to He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.

Passive Sentence

PASSIVE SENTENCE

A sentence is written in passive voice when the subject of the sentence has an action done to it by someone or something else.

Rules To Remember

When rewriting active sentences in passive sentence, note the following:

¢the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

¢the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

¢the subject of the active sentence becomes by Agent in the passive sentence (or is 

dropped)

¢Only active sentence containing object which can be changed into passive form

The two forms should have the same tenses

THE PASSIVE :

•       The Passive is not a tense.
•       You will find it easier to understand the passive if you already know the basic English verb tenses.

PRESENT

A. Simple Present Tense

Active : S + V1 (s/es) + O/comp

Passive : S + To Be (am, is, are) + V3 + by + O/comp

B. Present Continous Tenses

Active : S + To Be + Ving+ O

Passive : S + To Be (am, is, are) + Being + V3 + by + O/comp

C. Present Perfect tenses

Active : S + has/have + V3 + O/comp.

Passive : S + has/have + been + V3 + by + O/comp

D. Present Perfect Continous Tense

Active : S + has/have + been + Ving + O/comp

Passive : S + has/have+ been + being + V3 + by + O/comp

EXAMPLE :

Active     : Bowo helps Gita to clean classroom.

Passive   : Gita is helped by Bowo to clean classroom.

PAST

A. Simple Past Tense

Active : S + V2 + O/comp

Passive : S + To Be (was, were) + V3 + by + O/comp

B. Past Continous Tense

Active : S + To Be(was, were) + Ving + O/comp

Passive : S + To Be (was, were) + being + V3 + by + O/comp

C. Past Perfect Tense

Active : S + Had + V3 + O/comp

Passive : S + Had + been + V3 + by + O/comp

D. Past Perfect Continous Tense

Active : S + had been+ving + O/comp

Passive : S + had+been +being + V3 + by + O/comp

EXAMPLE :

Active :

Ridho was Studying matemathic all time yesterday.

Passive :  

Matemathic was being studied by Ridho all time yesterday.

FUTURE

A. Simple Future Tense

Active : S + WILL + V1 + O/comp

Passive : S + WILL BE + V3 + by + O/comp

B. Future Continous Tense

Active : S + WILL BE+ VING + O/comp.

Passive : S + WILL BE + BEING + V3 + by + O/comp.

C. Future Perfect Tense

Active : S + WILL HAVE+V3 + O/comp

Passive : S + WILL HAVE + BEEN + V3 + by + O/comp

D. Future Perfect Continous Tense

Active : S +WILL HAVE BEEN+VING + O/comp

Passive : S + WILL HAVE + BEEN + BEING + V3 + by + O/comp

E. Past Future Tense

Active : S +WOULD + VERB 1 + O/comp

Passive : S + WOULD BE+ V3 + by + O/comp

F. Past Future Continous

Active : S +WOULD BE+VING + O/comp.

Passive : S + WOULD BE + BEING + V3 + by + O/comp.

G. Past Future Perfect

Active : S +WOULD HAVE + V3 + O/comp.

Passive : S + WOULD HAVE + BEEN + V3 + by + O/comp.

H. Past Future Perfect Continous Tense

Active : S +WOULD HAVE BEEN+VING + O/comp

Passive : S + WILL HAVE + BEEN + BEING + V3 + by + O/comp

EXAMPLE :

Active : Mega will have been studying biology at SMA for three years.

Passive : Biology will have been being studied by Mega at SMA for three years.

MODALS

Active : S +MODALS + V1+ O/comp.

Passive : S + MODALS BE+ V3 + by + O/comp.

EXAMPLE :

Active : Ade  will meet JKT 48 1^st Generation.

Passive : JKT 48 1^st Generationa will be  met  by Ade.

Business Letter

Business Letter

A business letter is written in formal language.The letter is written for official correspondence between two organizations and organizations and customers, clients, etc. The style of the business letter depends on the relationship that is shared between the two parties.

             A business letter is used for various purposes like offering a business deal to other organization, accepting an offer, denying an offer, new schemes for customer, extending the contract with a client. 

           The block format is the simplest format; all of the writing is flush against the left margin.

Your Address 1

The return address of the sender so the recipient can easily find out where to send a reply to.

•       British English

Position        : In the top right corner of the letter.

•          American English

Position        : In the top left corner, below the date, or at the end of the letter (below the signature)

Date 2
Put the date on which the letter was written in the format

•       British English

Write                        :30 October 2003

Position                    :On the right, one line below the sender's address

•       American English

Write                        : October 30, 2003

Position                    : Top left corner

Inside Address 3

The address of the person you are writing to along with the name of the recipient, their title and company name.

British English Ms /Miss/Mrs/Mr/Dr... Company Name(optional) house number and the street place area code COUNTRY (in capital letters)

American English Ms/Miss/Mrs/Mr/Dr... Company Name(optional) house number and th street place, area code COUNTRY (in capital letters)

Salutation 4

•            If you know the person's name:

a.          In British English, don't use anypunctuation  mark or use a comma.

Dear Ms / Miss / Mrs / Mr +lastname,

Example: Dear Mr Miller or Dear Mr Miller,

Dear + surname,

Example: Dear Chris Miller or Dear Chris Miller,

b.         In American English, use a colon (:)

Dear Ms. / Miss. / Mrs. / Mr. +lastname:

Example: Dear Mr. Miller:

Dear + surname:

Example: Dear Chris Miller:

c.          To Whom It May Concern/Dear Sir or Madam: if recipient's name is unknown.

Subject Line (optional) 5 

Makes it easier for the recipient to find out what the letter is about.

•            British English

The subject line is usually placed between the salutation and the body of the letter.

•            American English

In American English, the subject line can also be placed between the recipient's address and the salutation.

Body 6

The body is where you write the content of the letter.

Closing 7

Complimentery Close
Yours faithfully,
If you do not know the name of the person

Yours sincerely,
If you know the name of the person

Signature 8

Printed Name 9

The printed version of  writer/sender, and if desired writer/sender can put a title or position, then print it underneath the signature.

Enclosure(optional) 10

If you wish to enclose documents, you can write the word 'Enclosure' below the printed name. Type "Enclosures (#)" with the # being the number of other documents enclosed.

Reference Initials(optional) 11

If someone other than yourself typed the letter you will include your initials in capital letters followed by the typist's initials in lower case in the following format; AG/gs or AG:gs.